jiff/fmt/temporal/

mod.rs

/*!
A hybrid format derived from [RFC 3339], [RFC 9557] and [ISO 8601].

This module provides an implementation of the [Temporal ISO 8601 grammar]. The
API is spread out over parsers and printers for datetimes and spans.

Note that for most use cases, you should be using the corresponding
[`Display`](std::fmt::Display) or [`FromStr`](std::str::FromStr) trait
implementations for printing and parsing respectively. This module provides
a "lower level" API for configuring the behavior of printing and parsing,
including the ability to parse from byte strings (i.e., `&[u8]`).

# Date and time format

The specific format supported depends on what kind of type you're trying to
parse into. Here are some examples to give a general idea:

* `02:21:58` parses into a [`civil::Time`].
* `2020-08-21` parses into a [`civil::Date`].
* `2020-08-21T02:21:58` and `2020-08-21 02:21:58` both parse into a
  [`civil::DateTime`].
* `2020-08-21T02:21:58-04` parses into an [`Timestamp`].
* `2020-08-21T02:21:58-04[America/New_York]` parses into a [`Zoned`].

Smaller types can generally be parsed from strings representing a bigger type.
For example, a `civil::Date` can be parsed from `2020-08-21T02:21:58`.

As mentioned above, the datetime format supported by Jiff is a hybrid of the
"best" parts of [RFC 3339], [RFC 9557] and [ISO 8601]. Generally speaking, [RFC
3339] and [RFC 9557] are supported in their entirety, but not all of ISO 8601
is. For example, `2024-06-16T10.5` is a valid ISO 8601 datetime, but isn't
supported by Jiff. (Only fractional seconds are supported.)

Some additional details worth noting:

* Parsing `Zoned` values requires a datetime string with a time zone
annotation like `[America/New_York]` or `[-07:00]`. If you need to parse a
datetime without a time zone annotation (but with an offset), then you should
parse it as an [`Timestamp`]. From there, it can be converted to a `Zoned` via
[`Timestamp::to_zoned`].
* When parsing `Zoned` values, ambiguous datetimes are handled via the
[`DateTimeParser::disambiguation`] configuration. By default, a "compatible"
mode is used where the earlier time is selected in a backward transition, while
the later time is selected in a forward transition.
* When parsing `Zoned` values, conflicts between the offset and the time zone
in the datetime string are handled via the [`DateTimeParser::offset_conflict`]
configuration. By default, any inconsistency between the offset and the time
zone results in a parse error.
* When parsing civil types like `civil::DateTime`, it's always an error if the
datetime string has a `Z` (Zulu) offset. It's an error since interpreting such
strings as civil time is usually a bug.
* In all cases, the `T` designator separating the date and time may be an ASCII
space instead.

The complete datetime format supported is described by the
[Temporal ISO 8601 grammar].

# Span format

To a first approximation, the span format supported roughly corresponds to this
regular expression:

```text
P(\d+y)?(\d+m)?(\d+w)?(\d+d)?(T(\d+h)?(\d+m)?(\d+s)?)?
```

But there are some details not easily captured by a simple regular expression:

* At least one unit must be specified. To write a zero span, specify `0` for
any unit. For example, `P0d` and `PT0s` are equivalent.
* The format is case insensitive. The printer will by default capitalize all
designators, but the unit designators can be configured to use lowercase with
[`SpanPrinter::lowercase`]. For example, `P3y1m10dT5h` instead of
`P3Y1M10DT5H`. You might prefer lowercase since you may find it easier to read.
However, it is an extension to ISO 8601 and isn't as broadly supported.
* Hours, minutes or seconds may be fractional. And the only units that may be
fractional are the lowest units.
* A span like `P99999999999y` is invalid because it exceeds the allowable range
of time representable by a [`Span`].

This is, roughly speaking, a subset of what [ISO 8601] specifies. It isn't
strictly speaking a subset since Jiff (like Temporal) permits week units to be
mixed with other units.

Here are some examples:

```
use jiff::{Span, ToSpan};

let spans = [
    ("P40D", 40.days()),
    ("P1y1d", 1.year().days(1)),
    ("P3dT4h59m", 3.days().hours(4).minutes(59)),
    ("PT2H30M", 2.hours().minutes(30)),
    ("P1m", 1.month()),
    ("P1w", 1.week()),
    ("P1w4d", 1.week().days(4)),
    ("PT1m", 1.minute()),
    ("PT0.0021s", 2.milliseconds().microseconds(100)),
    ("PT0s", 0.seconds()),
    ("P0d", 0.seconds()),
    (
        "P1y1m1dT1h1m1.1s",
        1.year().months(1).days(1).hours(1).minutes(1).seconds(1).milliseconds(100),
    ),
];
for (string, span) in spans {
    let parsed: Span = string.parse()?;
    assert_eq!(
        span.fieldwise(),
        parsed.fieldwise(),
        "result of parsing {string:?}",
    );
}

# Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
```

One can also parse ISO 8601 durations into a [`SignedDuration`], but units are
limited to hours or smaller:

```
use jiff::SignedDuration;

let durations = [
    ("PT2H30M", SignedDuration::from_secs(2 * 60 * 60 + 30 * 60)),
    ("PT2.5h", SignedDuration::from_secs(2 * 60 * 60 + 30 * 60)),
    ("PT1m", SignedDuration::from_mins(1)),
    ("PT1.5m", SignedDuration::from_secs(90)),
    ("PT0.0021s", SignedDuration::new(0, 2_100_000)),
    ("PT0s", SignedDuration::ZERO),
    ("PT0.000000001s", SignedDuration::from_nanos(1)),
];
for (string, duration) in durations {
    let parsed: SignedDuration = string.parse()?;
    assert_eq!(duration, parsed, "result of parsing {string:?}");
}

# Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
```

The complete span format supported is described by the [Temporal ISO 8601
grammar].

# Differences with Temporal

Jiff implements Temporal's grammar pretty closely, but there are a few
differences at the time of writing. It is a specific goal that all differences
should be rooted in what Jiff itself supports, and not in the grammar itself.

* The maximum UTC offset value expressible is `25:59:59` in Jiff, where as in
Temporal it's `23:59:59.999999999`. Jiff supports a slightly bigger maximum
to account for all valid values of POSIX time zone strings. Jiff also lacks
nanosecond precision for UTC offsets, as it's not clear how useful that is in
practice.
* Jiff doesn't support a datetime range as big as Temporal. For example,
in Temporal, `+202024-06-14T17:30[America/New_York]` is valid. But in Jiff,
since the maximum supported year is `9999`, parsing will fail. Jiff's datetime
range may be expanded in the future, but it is a non-goal to match Temporal's
range precisely.
* Jiff doesn't support RFC 9557 calendar annotations because Jiff only supports
the Gregorian calendar.

There is some more [background on Temporal's format] available.

[Temporal ISO 8601 grammar]: https://tc39.es/proposal-temporal/#sec-temporal-iso8601grammar
[RFC 3339]: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339
[RFC 9557]: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9557.html
[ISO 8601]: https://www.iso.org/iso-8601-date-and-time-format.html
[background on Temporal's format]: https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal/issues/2843
*/

use crate::{
    civil,
    error::Error,
    fmt::Write,
    span::Span,
    tz::{Disambiguation, Offset, OffsetConflict, TimeZone, TimeZoneDatabase},
    SignedDuration, Timestamp, Zoned,
};

pub use self::pieces::{
    Pieces, PiecesNumericOffset, PiecesOffset, TimeZoneAnnotation,
    TimeZoneAnnotationKind, TimeZoneAnnotationName,
};

mod parser;
mod pieces;
mod printer;

/// The default date time parser that we use throughout Jiff.
pub(crate) static DEFAULT_DATETIME_PARSER: DateTimeParser =
    DateTimeParser::new();

/// The default date time printer that we use throughout Jiff.
pub(crate) static DEFAULT_DATETIME_PRINTER: DateTimePrinter =
    DateTimePrinter::new();

/// The default date time parser that we use throughout Jiff.
pub(crate) static DEFAULT_SPAN_PARSER: SpanParser = SpanParser::new();

/// The default date time printer that we use throughout Jiff.
pub(crate) static DEFAULT_SPAN_PRINTER: SpanPrinter = SpanPrinter::new();

/// A parser for Temporal datetimes.
///
/// This parser converts a machine (but also human) readable format of a
/// datetime to the various types found in Jiff: [`Zoned`], [`Timestamp`],
/// [`civil::DateTime`], [`civil::Date`] or [`civil::Time`]. Note that all
/// of those types provide [`FromStr`](core::str::FromStr) implementations
/// that utilize the default configuration of this parser. However, this parser
/// can be configured to behave differently and can also parse directly from
/// a `&[u8]`.
///
/// See the [`fmt::temporal`](crate::fmt::temporal) module documentation for
/// more information on the specific format used.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to parse a `Zoned` datetime from a byte string.
/// (That is, `&[u8]` and not a `&str`.)
///
/// ```
/// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
///
/// // A parser can be created in a const context.
/// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
///
/// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned(b"2024-06-15T07-04[America/New_York]")?;
/// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0));
/// assert_eq!(zdt.time_zone(), &tz::db().get("America/New_York")?);
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// Note that an ASCII space instead of the `T` separator is automatically
/// supported too:
///
/// ```
/// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
///
/// // A parser can be created in a const context.
/// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
///
/// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned(b"2024-06-15 07-04[America/New_York]")?;
/// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0));
/// assert_eq!(zdt.time_zone(), &tz::db().get("America/New_York")?);
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DateTimeParser {
    p: parser::DateTimeParser,
    offset_conflict: OffsetConflict,
    disambiguation: Disambiguation,
}

impl DateTimeParser {
    /// Create a new Temporal datetime parser with the default configuration.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn new() -> DateTimeParser {
        DateTimeParser {
            p: parser::DateTimeParser::new(),
            offset_conflict: OffsetConflict::Reject,
            disambiguation: Disambiguation::Compatible,
        }
    }

    /// Set the conflict resolution strategy for when an offset in a datetime
    /// string is inconsistent with the time zone.
    ///
    /// See the documentation on [`OffsetConflict`] for more details about the
    /// different strategies one can choose.
    ///
    /// This only applies when parsing [`Zoned`] values.
    ///
    /// The default is [`OffsetConflict::Reject`], which results in an error
    /// whenever parsing a datetime with an offset that is inconsistent with
    /// the time zone.
    ///
    /// # Example: respecting offsets even when they're invalid
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new()
    ///     .offset_conflict(tz::OffsetConflict::AlwaysOffset);
    ///
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned("2024-06-09T07:00-05[America/New_York]")?;
    /// // Notice that the time *and* offset have been corrected. The offset
    /// // given was invalid for `America/New_York` at the given time, so
    /// // it cannot be kept, but the instant returned is equivalent to
    /// // `2024-06-09T07:00-05`. It is just adjusted automatically to be
    /// // correct in the `America/New_York` time zone.
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(2024, 6, 9).at(8, 0, 0, 0));
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.offset(), tz::offset(-4));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: all offsets are invalid for gaps in civil time by default
    ///
    /// When parsing a datetime with an offset for a gap in civil time, the
    /// offset is treated as invalid. This results in parsing failing. For
    /// example, some parts of Indiana in the US didn't start using daylight
    /// saving time until 2006. If a datetime for 2006 were serialized before
    /// the updated daylight saving time rules were known, then this parse
    /// error will prevent you from silently changing the originally intended
    /// time:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// // DST in Indiana/Vevay began at 2006-04-02T02:00 local time.
    /// // The last time Indiana/Vevay observed DST was in 1972.
    /// let result = PARSER.parse_zoned(
    ///     "2006-04-02T02:30-05[America/Indiana/Vevay]",
    /// );
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
    ///     "parsing \"2006-04-02T02:30-05[America/Indiana/Vevay]\" failed: \
    ///      datetime 2006-04-02T02:30:00 could not resolve to timestamp \
    ///      since 'reject' conflict resolution was chosen, and because \
    ///      datetime has offset -05, but the time zone America/Indiana/Vevay \
    ///      for the given datetime falls in a gap \
    ///      (between offsets -05 and -04), \
    ///      and all offsets for a gap are regarded as invalid",
    /// );
    /// ```
    ///
    /// If one doesn't want an error here, then you can either prioritize the
    /// instant in time by respecting the offset:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new()
    ///     .offset_conflict(tz::OffsetConflict::AlwaysOffset);
    ///
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned(
    ///     "2006-04-02T02:30-05[America/Indiana/Vevay]",
    /// )?;
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     zdt.to_string(),
    ///     "2006-04-02T03:30:00-04:00[America/Indiana/Vevay]",
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// or you can force your own disambiguation rules, e.g., by taking the
    /// earlier time:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new()
    ///     .disambiguation(tz::Disambiguation::Earlier)
    ///     .offset_conflict(tz::OffsetConflict::AlwaysTimeZone);
    ///
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned(
    ///     "2006-04-02T02:30-05[America/Indiana/Vevay]",
    /// )?;
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     zdt.to_string(),
    ///     "2006-04-02T01:30:00-05:00[America/Indiana/Vevay]",
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: a `Z` never results in an offset conflict
    ///
    /// [RFC 9557] specifies that `Z` indicates that the offset from UTC to
    /// get local time is unknown. Since it doesn't prescribe a particular
    /// offset, when a `Z` is parsed with a time zone annotation, the
    /// `OffsetConflict::ALwaysOffset` strategy is used regardless of what
    /// is set here. For example:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser;
    ///
    /// // NOTE: The default is reject.
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned(
    ///     "2025-06-20T17:30Z[America/New_York]",
    /// )?;
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     zdt.to_string(),
    ///     "2025-06-20T13:30:00-04:00[America/New_York]",
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Conversely, if the `+00:00` offset was used, then an error would
    /// occur because of the offset conflict:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser;
    ///
    /// // NOTE: The default is reject.
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let result = PARSER.parse_zoned(
    ///     "2025-06-20T17:30+00[America/New_York]",
    /// );
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
    ///     "parsing \"2025-06-20T17:30+00[America/New_York]\" failed: \
    ///      datetime 2025-06-20T17:30:00 could not resolve to a timestamp \
    ///      since 'reject' conflict resolution was chosen, and because \
    ///      datetime has offset +00, but the time zone America/New_York \
    ///      for the given datetime unambiguously has offset -04",
    /// );
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [RFC 9557]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9557/
    #[inline]
    pub const fn offset_conflict(
        self,
        strategy: OffsetConflict,
    ) -> DateTimeParser {
        DateTimeParser { offset_conflict: strategy, ..self }
    }

    /// Set the disambiguation strategy for when a datetime falls into a time
    /// zone transition "fold" or "gap."
    ///
    /// The most common manifestation of such time zone transitions is daylight
    /// saving time. In most cases, the transition into daylight saving time
    /// moves the civil time ("the time you see on the clock") ahead one hour.
    /// This is called a "gap" because an hour on the clock is skipped. While
    /// the transition out of daylight saving time moves the civil time back
    /// one hour. This is called a "fold" because an hour on the clock is
    /// repeated.
    ///
    /// In the case of a gap, an ambiguous datetime manifests as a time that
    /// never appears on a clock. (For example, `02:30` on `2024-03-10` in New
    /// York.) In the case of a fold, an ambiguous datetime manifests as a
    /// time that repeats itself. (For example, `01:30` on `2024-11-03` in New
    /// York.) So when a fold occurs, you don't know whether it's the "first"
    /// occurrence of that time or the "second."
    ///
    /// Time zone transitions are not just limited to daylight saving time,
    /// although those are the most common. In other cases, a transition occurs
    /// because of a change in the offset of the time zone itself. (See the
    /// examples below.)
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This example shows how to set the disambiguation configuration while
    /// parsing a [`Zoned`] datetime. In this example, we always prefer the
    /// earlier time.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new()
    ///     .disambiguation(tz::Disambiguation::Earlier);
    ///
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned("2024-03-10T02:05[America/New_York]")?;
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(2024, 3, 10).at(1, 5, 0, 0));
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.offset(), tz::offset(-5));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: time zone offset change
    ///
    /// In this example, we explore a time zone offset change in Hawaii that
    /// occurred on `1947-06-08`. Namely, Hawaii went from a `-10:30` offset
    /// to a `-10:00` offset at `02:00`. This results in a 30 minute gap in
    /// civil time.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz, ToSpan};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new()
    ///     .disambiguation(tz::Disambiguation::Later);
    ///
    /// // 02:05 didn't exist on clocks on 1947-06-08.
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned(
    ///     "1947-06-08T02:05[Pacific/Honolulu]",
    /// )?;
    /// // Our parser is configured to select the later time, so we jump to
    /// // 02:35. But if we used `Disambiguation::Earlier`, then we'd get
    /// // 01:35.
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(1947, 6, 8).at(2, 35, 0, 0));
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.offset(), tz::offset(-10));
    ///
    /// // If we subtract 10 minutes from 02:35, notice that we (correctly)
    /// // jump to 01:55 *and* our offset is corrected to -10:30.
    /// let zdt = zdt.checked_sub(10.minutes())?;
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(1947, 6, 8).at(1, 55, 0, 0));
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.offset(), tz::offset(-10).saturating_sub(30.minutes()));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub const fn disambiguation(
        self,
        strategy: Disambiguation,
    ) -> DateTimeParser {
        DateTimeParser { disambiguation: strategy, ..self }
    }

    /// Parse a datetime string with a time zone annotation into a [`Zoned`]
    /// value using the system time zone database.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the datetime string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the datetime range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// The [`DateTimeParser::offset_conflict`] and
    /// [`DateTimeParser::disambiguation`] settings can also influence
    /// whether an error occurs or not. Namely, if [`OffsetConflict::Reject`]
    /// is used (which is the default), then an error occurs when there
    /// is an inconsistency between the offset and the time zone. And if
    /// [`Disambiguation::Reject`] is used, then an error occurs when the civil
    /// time in the string is ambiguous.
    ///
    /// # Example: parsing without an IANA time zone
    ///
    /// Note that when parsing a `Zoned` value, it is required for the datetime
    /// string to contain a time zone annotation in brackets. For example,
    /// this fails to parse even though it refers to a precise instant in time:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser;
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_zoned("2024-06-08T07:00-04").is_err());
    /// ```
    ///
    /// While it is better to include a time zone name, if the only thing
    /// that's available is an offset, the offset can be repeated as a time
    /// zone annotation:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned("2024-06-08T07:00-04[-04]")?;
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(2024, 6, 8).at(7, 0, 0, 0));
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.offset(), tz::offset(-4));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Otherwise, if you need to be able to parse something like
    /// `2024-06-08T07:00-04` as-is, you should parse it into an [`Timestamp`]:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let timestamp = PARSER.parse_timestamp("2024-06-08T07:00-04")?;
    /// let zdt = timestamp.to_zoned(tz::TimeZone::UTC);
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.datetime(), date(2024, 6, 8).at(11, 0, 0, 0));
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.offset(), tz::offset(0));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// If you _really_ need to parse something like `2024-06-08T07:00-04`
    /// into a `Zoned` with a fixed offset of `-04:00` as its `TimeZone`,
    /// then you'll need to use lower level parsing routines. See the
    /// documentation on [`Pieces`] for a case study of how to achieve this.
    pub fn parse_zoned<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<Zoned, Error> {
        self.parse_zoned_with(crate::tz::db(), input)
    }

    /// Parse a datetime string with a time zone annotation into a [`Zoned`]
    /// value using the time zone database given.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the datetime string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the datetime range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// The [`DateTimeParser::offset_conflict`] and
    /// [`DateTimeParser::disambiguation`] settings can also influence
    /// whether an error occurs or not. Namely, if [`OffsetConflict::Reject`]
    /// is used (which is the default), then an error occurs when there
    /// is an inconsistency between the offset and the time zone. And if
    /// [`Disambiguation::Reject`] is used, then an error occurs when the civil
    /// time in the string is ambiguous.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This example demonstrates the utility of this routine by parsing a
    /// datetime using an older copy of the IANA Time Zone Database. This
    /// example leverages the fact that the 2018 copy of `tzdb` preceded
    /// Brazil's announcement that daylight saving time would be abolished.
    /// This meant that datetimes in the future, when parsed with the older
    /// copy of `tzdb`, would still follow the old daylight saving time rules.
    /// But a mere update of `tzdb` would otherwise change the meaning of the
    /// datetime.
    ///
    /// This scenario can come up if one stores datetimes in the future.
    /// This is also why the default offset conflict resolution strategy
    /// is [`OffsetConflict::Reject`], which prevents one from silently
    /// re-interpreting datetimes to a different timestamp.
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz::{self, TimeZoneDatabase}};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// // Open a version of tzdb from before Brazil announced its abolition
    /// // of daylight saving time.
    /// let tzdb2018 = TimeZoneDatabase::from_dir("path/to/tzdb-2018b")?;
    /// // Open the system tzdb.
    /// let tzdb = tz::db();
    ///
    /// // Parse the same datetime string with the same parser, but using two
    /// // different versions of tzdb.
    /// let dt = "2020-01-15T12:00[America/Sao_Paulo]";
    /// let zdt2018 = PARSER.parse_zoned_with(&tzdb2018, dt)?;
    /// let zdt = PARSER.parse_zoned_with(tzdb, dt)?;
    ///
    /// // Before DST was abolished, 2020-01-15 was in DST, which corresponded
    /// // to UTC offset -02. Since DST rules applied to datetimes in the
    /// // future, the 2018 version of tzdb would lead one to interpret
    /// // 2020-01-15 as being in DST.
    /// assert_eq!(zdt2018.offset(), tz::offset(-2));
    /// // But DST was abolished in 2019, which means that 2020-01-15 was no
    /// // no longer in DST. So after a tzdb update, the same datetime as above
    /// // now has a different offset.
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.offset(), tz::offset(-3));
    ///
    /// // So if you try to parse a datetime serialized from an older copy of
    /// // tzdb, you'll get an error under the default configuration because
    /// // of `OffsetConflict::Reject`. This would succeed if you parsed it
    /// // using tzdb2018!
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_zoned_with(tzdb, zdt2018.to_string()).is_err());
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_zoned_with<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        db: &TimeZoneDatabase,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<Zoned, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_temporal_datetime(input)?;
        let dt = parsed.into_full()?;
        let zoned =
            dt.to_zoned(db, self.offset_conflict, self.disambiguation)?;
        Ok(zoned)
    }

    /// Parse a datetime string into a [`Timestamp`].
    ///
    /// The datetime string must correspond to a specific instant in time. This
    /// requires an offset in the datetime string.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the datetime string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the datetime range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows a basic example of parsing an `Timestamp`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser;
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let timestamp = PARSER.parse_timestamp("2024-03-10T02:05-04")?;
    /// assert_eq!(timestamp.to_string(), "2024-03-10T06:05:00Z");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: parsing a timestamp from a datetime with a time zone
    ///
    /// A timestamp can also be parsed fron a time zone aware datetime string.
    /// The time zone is ignored and the offset is always used.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser;
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let timestamp = PARSER.parse_timestamp(
    ///     "2024-03-10T02:05-04[America/New_York]",
    /// )?;
    /// assert_eq!(timestamp.to_string(), "2024-03-10T06:05:00Z");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_timestamp<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<Timestamp, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_temporal_datetime(input)?;
        let dt = parsed.into_full()?;
        let timestamp = dt.to_timestamp()?;
        Ok(timestamp)
    }

    /// Parse a civil datetime string into a [`civil::DateTime`].
    ///
    /// A civil datetime can be parsed from anything that contains a datetime.
    /// For example, a time zone aware string.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the datetime string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the datetime range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// This also returns an error if a `Z` (Zulu) offset is found, since
    /// interpreting such strings as civil time is usually a bug.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows a basic example of parsing a `civil::DateTime`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let datetime = PARSER.parse_datetime("2024-03-10T02:05")?;
    /// assert_eq!(datetime, date(2024, 3, 10).at(2, 5, 0, 0));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: parsing fails if a `Z` (Zulu) offset is encountered
    ///
    /// Because parsing a datetime with a `Z` offset and interpreting it as
    /// a civil time is usually a bug, it is forbidden:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_datetime("2024-03-10T02:05Z").is_err());
    ///
    /// // Note though that -00 and +00 offsets parse successfully.
    /// let datetime = PARSER.parse_datetime("2024-03-10T02:05+00")?;
    /// assert_eq!(datetime, date(2024, 3, 10).at(2, 5, 0, 0));
    /// let datetime = PARSER.parse_datetime("2024-03-10T02:05-00")?;
    /// assert_eq!(datetime, date(2024, 3, 10).at(2, 5, 0, 0));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_datetime<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<civil::DateTime, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_temporal_datetime(input)?;
        let dt = parsed.into_full()?;
        let datetime = dt.to_datetime()?;
        Ok(datetime)
    }

    /// Parse a civil date string into a [`civil::Date`].
    ///
    /// A civil date can be parsed from anything that contains a date. For
    /// example, a time zone aware string.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the date string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the date range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// This also returns an error if a `Z` (Zulu) offset is found, since
    /// interpreting such strings as civil date or time is usually a bug.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows a basic example of parsing a `civil::Date`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let d = PARSER.parse_date("2024-03-10")?;
    /// assert_eq!(d, date(2024, 3, 10));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: parsing fails if a `Z` (Zulu) offset is encountered
    ///
    /// Because parsing a date with a `Z` offset and interpreting it as
    /// a civil date or time is usually a bug, it is forbidden:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_date("2024-03-10T00:00:00Z").is_err());
    ///
    /// // Note though that -00 and +00 offsets parse successfully.
    /// let d = PARSER.parse_date("2024-03-10T00:00:00+00")?;
    /// assert_eq!(d, date(2024, 3, 10));
    /// let d = PARSER.parse_date("2024-03-10T00:00:00-00")?;
    /// assert_eq!(d, date(2024, 3, 10));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_date<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<civil::Date, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_temporal_datetime(input)?;
        let dt = parsed.into_full()?;
        let date = dt.to_date()?;
        Ok(date)
    }

    /// Parse a civil time string into a [`civil::Time`].
    ///
    /// A civil time can be parsed from anything that contains a time.
    /// For example, a time zone aware string.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the time string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the time range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// This also returns an error if a `Z` (Zulu) offset is found, since
    /// interpreting such strings as civil time is usually a bug.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows a basic example of parsing a `civil::Time`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::time, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let t = PARSER.parse_time("02:05")?;
    /// assert_eq!(t, time(2, 5, 0, 0));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: parsing fails if a `Z` (Zulu) offset is encountered
    ///
    /// Because parsing a time with a `Z` offset and interpreting it as
    /// a civil time is usually a bug, it is forbidden:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::time, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_time("02:05Z").is_err());
    ///
    /// // Note though that -00 and +00 offsets parse successfully.
    /// let t = PARSER.parse_time("02:05+00")?;
    /// assert_eq!(t, time(2, 5, 0, 0));
    /// let t = PARSER.parse_time("02:05-00")?;
    /// assert_eq!(t, time(2, 5, 0, 0));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_time<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<civil::Time, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_temporal_time(input)?;
        let parsed_time = parsed.into_full()?;
        let time = parsed_time.to_time();
        Ok(time)
    }

    /// Parses a string representing a time zone into a [`TimeZone`].
    ///
    /// This will parse one of three different categories of strings:
    ///
    /// 1. An IANA Time Zone Database identifier. For example,
    /// `America/New_York` or `UTC`.
    /// 2. A fixed offset. For example, `-05:00` or `-00:44:30`.
    /// 3. A POSIX time zone string. For example, `EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows a few examples of parsing different kinds of time zones:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz::{self, TimeZone}};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_time_zone("-05:00")?,
    ///     TimeZone::fixed(tz::offset(-5)),
    /// );
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_time_zone("+05:00:01")?,
    ///     TimeZone::fixed(tz::Offset::from_seconds(5 * 60 * 60 + 1).unwrap()),
    /// );
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_time_zone("America/New_York")?,
    ///     TimeZone::get("America/New_York")?,
    /// );
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_time_zone("Israel")?,
    ///     TimeZone::get("Israel")?,
    /// );
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_time_zone("EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0")?,
    ///     TimeZone::posix("EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0")?,
    /// );
    ///
    /// // Some error cases!
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_time_zone("Z").is_err());
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_time_zone("05:00").is_err());
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_time_zone("+05:00:01.5").is_err());
    /// assert!(PARSER.parse_time_zone("Does/Not/Exist").is_err());
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_time_zone<'i, I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<TimeZone, Error> {
        self.parse_time_zone_with(crate::tz::db(), input)
    }

    /// Parses a string representing a time zone into a [`TimeZone`] and
    /// performs any time zone database lookups using the [`TimeZoneDatabase`]
    /// given.
    ///
    /// This is like [`DateTimeParser::parse_time_zone`], but uses the time
    /// zone database given instead of the implicit global time zone database.
    ///
    /// This will parse one of three different categories of strings:
    ///
    /// 1. An IANA Time Zone Database identifier. For example,
    /// `America/New_York` or `UTC`.
    /// 2. A fixed offset. For example, `-05:00` or `-00:44:30`.
    /// 3. A POSIX time zone string. For example, `EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz::{self, TimeZone}};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let db = jiff::tz::db();
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_time_zone_with(db, "America/New_York")?,
    ///     TimeZone::get("America/New_York")?,
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// See also the example for [`DateTimeParser::parse_zoned_with`] for a
    /// more interesting example using a time zone database other than the
    /// default.
    pub fn parse_time_zone_with<'i, I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        db: &TimeZoneDatabase,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<TimeZone, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_time_zone(input)?.into_full()?;
        parsed.into_time_zone(db)
    }

    /// Parse a Temporal datetime string into [`Pieces`].
    ///
    /// This is a lower level routine meant to give callers raw access to the
    /// individual "pieces" of a parsed Temporal ISO 8601 datetime string.
    /// Note that this only includes strings that have a date component.
    ///
    /// The benefit of this routine is that it only checks that the datetime
    /// is itself valid. It doesn't do any automatic diambiguation, offset
    /// conflict resolution or attempt to prevent you from shooting yourself
    /// in the foot. For example, this routine will let you parse a fixed
    /// offset datetime into a `Zoned` without a time zone abbreviation.
    ///
    /// Note that when using this routine, the
    /// [`DateTimeParser::offset_conflict`] and
    /// [`DateTimeParser::disambiguation`] configuration knobs are completely
    /// ignored. This is because with the lower level `Pieces`, callers must
    /// handle offset conflict resolution (if they want it) themselves. See
    /// the [`Pieces`] documentation for a case study on how to do this if
    /// you need it.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the datetime string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the date range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows how to parse a fixed offset timestamp into a `Zoned`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz::TimeZone};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let timestamp = "2025-01-02T15:13-05";
    ///
    /// // Normally this operation will fail.
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_zoned(timestamp).unwrap_err().to_string(),
    ///     "failed to find time zone in square brackets in \
    ///      \"2025-01-02T15:13-05\", which is required for \
    ///      parsing a zoned instant",
    /// );
    ///
    /// // But you can work-around this with `Pieces`, which gives you direct
    /// // access to the components parsed from the string.
    /// let pieces = PARSER.parse_pieces(timestamp)?;
    /// let time = pieces.time().unwrap_or_else(jiff::civil::Time::midnight);
    /// let dt = pieces.date().to_datetime(time);
    /// let tz = match pieces.to_time_zone()? {
    ///     Some(tz) => tz,
    ///     None => {
    ///         let Some(offset) = pieces.to_numeric_offset() else {
    ///             let msg = format!(
    ///                 "timestamp `{timestamp}` has no time zone \
    ///                  or offset, and thus cannot be parsed into \
    ///                  an instant",
    ///             );
    ///             return Err(msg.into());
    ///         };
    ///         TimeZone::fixed(offset)
    ///     }
    /// };
    /// // We don't bother with offset conflict resolution. And note that
    /// // this uses automatic "compatible" disambiguation in the case of
    /// // discontinuities. Of course, this is all moot if `TimeZone` is
    /// // fixed. The above code handles the case where it isn't!
    /// let zdt = tz.to_zoned(dt)?;
    /// assert_eq!(zdt.to_string(), "2025-01-02T15:13:00-05:00[-05:00]");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: work around errors when a `Z` (Zulu) offset is encountered
    ///
    /// Because parsing a date with a `Z` offset and interpreting it as
    /// a civil date or time is usually a bug, it is forbidden:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PARSER.parse_date("2024-03-10T00:00:00Z").unwrap_err().to_string(),
    ///     "cannot parse civil date from string with a Zulu offset, \
    ///      parse as a `Timestamp` and convert to a civil date instead",
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// But this sort of error checking doesn't happen when you parse into a
    /// [`Pieces`]. You just get what was parsed, which lets you extract a
    /// date even if the higher level APIs forbid it:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil, fmt::temporal::DateTimeParser, tz::Offset};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: DateTimeParser = DateTimeParser::new();
    ///
    /// let pieces = PARSER.parse_pieces("2024-03-10T00:00:00Z")?;
    /// assert_eq!(pieces.date(), civil::date(2024, 3, 10));
    /// assert_eq!(pieces.time(), Some(civil::time(0, 0, 0, 0)));
    /// assert_eq!(pieces.to_numeric_offset(), Some(Offset::UTC));
    /// assert_eq!(pieces.to_time_zone()?, None);
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// This is usually not the right thing to do. It isn't even suggested in
    /// the error message above. But if you know it's the right thing, then
    /// `Pieces` will let you do it.
    pub fn parse_pieces<'i, I: ?Sized + AsRef<[u8]> + 'i>(
        &self,
        input: &'i I,
    ) -> Result<Pieces<'i>, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_temporal_datetime(input)?.into_full()?;
        let pieces = parsed.to_pieces()?;
        Ok(pieces)
    }
}

/// A printer for Temporal datetimes.
///
/// This printer converts an in memory representation of a datetime related
/// type to a machine (but also human) readable format. Using this printer, one
/// can convert [`Zoned`], [`Timestamp`], [`civil::DateTime`], [`civil::Date`]
/// or [`civil::Time`] values to a string. Note that all of those types provide
/// [`Diplay`](core::fmt::Display) implementations that utilize the default
/// configuration of this printer. However, this printer can be configured to
/// behave differently and can also print directly to anything that implements
/// the [`fmt::Write`](Write) trait.
///
/// See the [`fmt::temporal`](crate::fmt::temporal) module documentation for
/// more information on the specific format used. Note that the Temporal
/// datetime parser is strictly more flexible than what is supported by this
/// printer. For example, parsing `2024-06-15T07:00-04[America/New_York]` will
/// work just fine, even though the seconds are omitted. However, this printer
/// provides no way to write a datetime without the second component.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to print a `Zoned` value with a space separating
/// the date and time instead of the more standard `T` separator.
///
/// ```
/// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
///
/// // A printer can be created in a const context.
/// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new().separator(b' ');
///
/// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 123456789).in_tz("America/New_York")?;
///
/// let mut buf = String::new();
/// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
/// PRINTER.print_zoned(&zdt, &mut buf).unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15 07:00:00.123456789-04:00[America/New_York]");
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// # Example: using adapters with `std::io::Write` and `std::fmt::Write`
///
/// By using the [`StdIoWrite`](super::StdIoWrite) and
/// [`StdFmtWrite`](super::StdFmtWrite) adapters, one can print datetimes
/// directly to implementations of `std::io::Write` and `std::fmt::Write`,
/// respectively. The example below demonstrates writing to anything
/// that implements `std::io::Write`. Similar code can be written for
/// `std::fmt::Write`.
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::{fs::File, io::{BufWriter, Write}, path::Path};
///
/// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::{StdIoWrite, temporal::DateTimePrinter}};
///
/// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0).in_tz("America/New_York")?;
///
/// let path = Path::new("/tmp/output");
/// let mut file = BufWriter::new(File::create(path)?);
/// DateTimePrinter::new().print_zoned(&zdt, StdIoWrite(&mut file)).unwrap();
/// file.flush()?;
/// assert_eq!(
///     std::fs::read_to_string(path)?,
///     "2024-06-15T07:00:00-04:00[America/New_York]",
/// );
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DateTimePrinter {
    p: printer::DateTimePrinter,
}

impl DateTimePrinter {
    /// Create a new Temporal datetime printer with the default configuration.
    pub const fn new() -> DateTimePrinter {
        DateTimePrinter { p: printer::DateTimePrinter::new() }
    }

    /// Use lowercase for the datetime separator and the `Z` (Zulu) UTC offset.
    ///
    /// This is disabled by default.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This example shows how to print a `Zoned` value with a lowercase
    /// datetime separator.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new().lowercase(true);
    ///
    /// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0).in_tz("America/New_York")?;
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_zoned(&zdt, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15t07:00:00-04:00[America/New_York]");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub const fn lowercase(mut self, yes: bool) -> DateTimePrinter {
        self.p = self.p.lowercase(yes);
        self
    }

    /// Use the given ASCII character to separate the date and time when
    /// printing [`Zoned`], [`Timestamp`] or [`civil::DateTime`] values.
    ///
    /// This is set to `T` by default.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This example shows how to print a `Zoned` value with a different
    /// datetime separator.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// // We use a weird non-standard character here, but typically one would
    /// // use this method with an ASCII space.
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new().separator(b'~');
    ///
    /// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0).in_tz("America/New_York")?;
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_zoned(&zdt, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15~07:00:00-04:00[America/New_York]");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub const fn separator(mut self, ascii_char: u8) -> DateTimePrinter {
        self.p = self.p.separator(ascii_char);
        self
    }

    /// Set the precision to use for formatting the fractional second component
    /// of a time.
    ///
    /// The default is `None`, which will automatically set the precision based
    /// on the value.
    ///
    /// When the precision is set to `N`, you'll always get precisely `N`
    /// digits after a decimal point (unless `N==0`, then no fractional
    /// component is printed), even if they are `0`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter =
    ///     DateTimePrinter::new().precision(Some(3));
    ///
    /// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 123_456_789).in_tz("US/Eastern")?;
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_zoned(&zdt, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15T07:00:00.123-04:00[US/Eastern]");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: available via formatting machinery
    ///
    /// When formatting datetime types that may contain a fractional second
    /// component, this can be set via Rust's formatting DSL. Specifically,
    /// it corresponds to the [`std::fmt::Formatter::precision`] setting.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::civil::date;
    ///
    /// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 123_000_000).in_tz("US/Eastern")?;
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     format!("{zdt:.6}"),
    ///     "2024-06-15T07:00:00.123000-04:00[US/Eastern]",
    /// );
    /// // Precision values greater than 9 are clamped to 9.
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     format!("{zdt:.300}"),
    ///     "2024-06-15T07:00:00.123000000-04:00[US/Eastern]",
    /// );
    /// // A precision of 0 implies the entire fractional
    /// // component is always truncated.
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     format!("{zdt:.0}"),
    ///     "2024-06-15T07:00:00-04:00[US/Eastern]",
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub const fn precision(
        mut self,
        precision: Option<u8>,
    ) -> DateTimePrinter {
        self.p = self.p.precision(precision);
        self
    }

    /// Format a `Zoned` datetime into a string.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`DateTimePrinter::print_zoned`] with
    /// a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0).in_tz("America/New_York")?;
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PRINTER.zoned_to_string(&zdt),
    ///     "2024-06-15T07:00:00-04:00[America/New_York]",
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn zoned_to_string(&self, zdt: &Zoned) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_zoned(zdt, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Format a `Timestamp` datetime into a string.
    ///
    /// This will always return an RFC 3339 compatible string with a `Z` or
    /// Zulu offset. Zulu is chosen in accordance with RFC 9557's update to
    /// RFC 3339 that establishes the `-00:00` offset as equivalent to Zulu:
    ///
    /// > If the time in UTC is known, but the offset to local time is
    /// > unknown, this can be represented with an offset of "Z".  (The
    /// > original version of this specification provided -00:00 for this
    /// > purpose, which is not allowed by ISO8601:2000 and therefore is
    /// > less interoperable; Section 3.3 of RFC5322 describes a related
    /// > convention for email, which does not have this problem).  This
    /// > differs semantically from an offset of +00:00, which implies that
    /// > UTC is the preferred reference point for the specified time.
    ///
    /// In other words, both Zulu time and `-00:00` mean "the time in UTC is
    /// known, but the offset to local time is unknown."
    ///
    /// If you need to format an RFC 3339 timestamp with a specific offset,
    /// use [`DateTimePrinter::timestamp_with_offset_to_string`].
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`DateTimePrinter::print_timestamp`]
    /// with a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, Timestamp};
    ///
    /// let timestamp = Timestamp::new(0, 1)
    ///     .expect("one nanosecond after Unix epoch is always valid");
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     DateTimePrinter::new().timestamp_to_string(&timestamp),
    ///     "1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000001Z",
    /// );
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn timestamp_to_string(
        &self,
        timestamp: &Timestamp,
    ) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_timestamp(timestamp, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Format a `Timestamp` datetime into a string with the given offset.
    ///
    /// This will always return an RFC 3339 compatible string with an offset.
    ///
    /// This will never use either `Z` (for Zulu time) or `-00:00` as an
    /// offset. This is because Zulu time (and `-00:00`) mean "the time in UTC
    /// is known, but the offset to local time is unknown." Since this routine
    /// accepts an explicit offset, the offset is known. For example,
    /// `Offset::UTC` will be formatted as `+00:00`.
    ///
    /// To format an RFC 3339 string in Zulu time, use
    /// [`DateTimePrinter::timestamp_to_string`].
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for
    /// [`DateTimePrinter::print_timestamp_with_offset`] with a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, tz, Timestamp};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let timestamp = Timestamp::new(0, 1)
    ///     .expect("one nanosecond after Unix epoch is always valid");
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PRINTER.timestamp_with_offset_to_string(&timestamp, tz::offset(-5)),
    ///     "1969-12-31T19:00:00.000000001-05:00",
    /// );
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: `Offset::UTC` formats as `+00:00`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, tz::Offset, Timestamp};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let timestamp = Timestamp::new(0, 1)
    ///     .expect("one nanosecond after Unix epoch is always valid");
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PRINTER.timestamp_with_offset_to_string(&timestamp, Offset::UTC),
    ///     "1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000001+00:00",
    /// );
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn timestamp_with_offset_to_string(
        &self,
        timestamp: &Timestamp,
        offset: Offset,
    ) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_timestamp_with_offset(timestamp, offset, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Format a `civil::DateTime` into a string.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`DateTimePrinter::print_datetime`]
    /// with a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let dt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0);
    /// assert_eq!(PRINTER.datetime_to_string(&dt), "2024-06-15T07:00:00");
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn datetime_to_string(
        &self,
        dt: &civil::DateTime,
    ) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_datetime(dt, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Format a `civil::Date` into a string.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`DateTimePrinter::print_date`]
    /// with a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let d = date(2024, 6, 15);
    /// assert_eq!(PRINTER.date_to_string(&d), "2024-06-15");
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn date_to_string(&self, date: &civil::Date) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_date(date, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Format a `civil::Time` into a string.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`DateTimePrinter::print_time`]
    /// with a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::time, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let t = time(7, 0, 0, 0);
    /// assert_eq!(PRINTER.time_to_string(&t), "07:00:00");
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn time_to_string(&self, time: &civil::Time) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_time(time, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Format a `TimeZone` into a string.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`DateTimePrinter::print_time_zone`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// In some rare cases, serialization may fail when there is no succinct
    /// representation of a time zone. One specific case in which this
    /// occurs is when `TimeZone` is a user's system time zone derived from
    /// `/etc/localtime`, but where an IANA time zone identifier could not
    /// be found. This can occur, for example, when `/etc/localtime` is not
    /// symlinked to an entry in `/usr/share/zoneinfo`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, tz::{self, TimeZone}};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// // IANA time zone
    /// let tz = TimeZone::get("US/Eastern")?;
    /// assert_eq!(PRINTER.time_zone_to_string(&tz)?, "US/Eastern");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn time_zone_to_string(
        &self,
        tz: &TimeZone,
    ) -> Result<alloc::string::String, Error> {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // Writing to a `String` itself will never fail, but this could fail
        // as described above in the docs.
        self.print_time_zone(tz, &mut buf)?;
        Ok(buf)
    }

    /// Format `Pieces` of a Temporal datetime.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`DateTimePrinter::print_pieces`]
    /// with a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{
    ///     fmt::temporal::{DateTimePrinter, Pieces},
    ///     tz::offset,
    ///     Timestamp,
    /// };
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let pieces = Pieces::from(Timestamp::UNIX_EPOCH);
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PRINTER.pieces_to_string(&pieces),
    ///     "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z",
    /// );
    ///
    /// let pieces = Pieces::from((Timestamp::UNIX_EPOCH, offset(0)));
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PRINTER.pieces_to_string(&pieces),
    ///     "1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
    /// );
    ///
    /// let pieces = Pieces::from((Timestamp::UNIX_EPOCH, offset(-5)));
    /// assert_eq!(
    ///     PRINTER.pieces_to_string(&pieces),
    ///     "1969-12-31T19:00:00-05:00",
    /// );
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn pieces_to_string(&self, pieces: &Pieces) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_pieces(pieces, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Print a `Zoned` datetime to the given writer.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let zdt = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0).in_tz("America/New_York")?;
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_zoned(&zdt, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15T07:00:00-04:00[America/New_York]");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_zoned<W: Write>(
        &self,
        zdt: &Zoned,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_zoned(zdt, wtr)
    }

    /// Print a `Timestamp` datetime to the given writer.
    ///
    /// This will always write an RFC 3339 compatible string with a `Z` or
    /// Zulu offset. Zulu is chosen in accordance with RFC 9557's update to
    /// RFC 3339 that establishes the `-00:00` offset as equivalent to Zulu:
    ///
    /// > If the time in UTC is known, but the offset to local time is
    /// > unknown, this can be represented with an offset of "Z".  (The
    /// > original version of this specification provided -00:00 for this
    /// > purpose, which is not allowed by ISO8601:2000 and therefore is
    /// > less interoperable; Section 3.3 of RFC5322 describes a related
    /// > convention for email, which does not have this problem).  This
    /// > differs semantically from an offset of +00:00, which implies that
    /// > UTC is the preferred reference point for the specified time.
    ///
    /// In other words, both Zulu time and `-00:00` mean "the time in UTC is
    /// known, but the offset to local time is unknown."
    ///
    /// If you need to write an RFC 3339 timestamp with a specific offset,
    /// use [`DateTimePrinter::print_timestamp_with_offset`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, Timestamp};
    ///
    /// let timestamp = Timestamp::new(0, 1)
    ///     .expect("one nanosecond after Unix epoch is always valid");
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// DateTimePrinter::new().print_timestamp(&timestamp, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000001Z");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_timestamp<W: Write>(
        &self,
        timestamp: &Timestamp,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_timestamp(timestamp, None, wtr)
    }

    /// Print a `Timestamp` datetime to the given writer with the given offset.
    ///
    /// This will always write an RFC 3339 compatible string with an offset.
    ///
    /// This will never write either `Z` (for Zulu time) or `-00:00` as an
    /// offset. This is because Zulu time (and `-00:00`) mean "the time in UTC
    /// is known, but the offset to local time is unknown." Since this routine
    /// accepts an explicit offset, the offset is known. For example,
    /// `Offset::UTC` will be formatted as `+00:00`.
    ///
    /// To write an RFC 3339 string in Zulu time, use
    /// [`DateTimePrinter::print_timestamp`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, tz, Timestamp};
    ///
    /// let timestamp = Timestamp::new(0, 1)
    ///     .expect("one nanosecond after Unix epoch is always valid");
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// DateTimePrinter::new().print_timestamp_with_offset(
    ///     &timestamp,
    ///     tz::offset(-5),
    ///     &mut buf,
    /// ).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "1969-12-31T19:00:00.000000001-05:00");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: `Offset::UTC` formats as `+00:00`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, tz::Offset, Timestamp};
    ///
    /// let timestamp = Timestamp::new(0, 1)
    ///     .expect("one nanosecond after Unix epoch is always valid");
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// DateTimePrinter::new().print_timestamp_with_offset(
    ///     &timestamp,
    ///     Offset::UTC, // equivalent to `Offset::from_hours(0)`
    ///     &mut buf,
    /// ).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "1970-01-01T00:00:00.000000001+00:00");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_timestamp_with_offset<W: Write>(
        &self,
        timestamp: &Timestamp,
        offset: Offset,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_timestamp(timestamp, Some(offset), wtr)
    }

    /// Print a `civil::DateTime` to the given writer.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let d = date(2024, 6, 15).at(7, 0, 0, 0);
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_datetime(&d, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15T07:00:00");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_datetime<W: Write>(
        &self,
        dt: &civil::DateTime,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_datetime(dt, wtr)
    }

    /// Print a `civil::Date` to the given writer.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let d = date(2024, 6, 15);
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_date(&d, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_date<W: Write>(
        &self,
        date: &civil::Date,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_date(date, wtr)
    }

    /// Print a `civil::Time` to the given writer.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::time, fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let t = time(7, 0, 0, 0);
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_time(&t, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "07:00:00");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_time<W: Write>(
        &self,
        time: &civil::Time,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_time(time, wtr)
    }

    /// Print a `TimeZone`.
    ///
    /// This will emit one of three different categories of strings:
    ///
    /// 1. An IANA Time Zone Database identifier. For example,
    /// `America/New_York` or `UTC`.
    /// 2. A fixed offset. For example, `-05:00` or `-00:44:30`.
    /// 3. A POSIX time zone string. For example, `EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0`.
    ///
    /// # Differences with RFC 9557 annotations
    ///
    /// Jiff's [`Offset`] has second precision. If a `TimeZone` is a fixed
    /// offset and has fractional minutes, then they will be expressed in the
    /// `[+-]HH:MM:SS` format. Otherwise, the `:SS` will be omitted.
    ///
    /// This differs from RFC 3339 and RFC 9557 because neither support
    /// sub-minute resolution in UTC offsets. Indeed, if one were to format
    /// a `Zoned` with an offset that contains fractional minutes, the offset
    /// would be rounded to the nearest minute to preserve compatibility with
    /// RFC 3339 and RFC 9557. However, this routine does no such rounding.
    /// This is because there is no RFC standardizing the serialization of
    /// a lone time zone, and there is otherwise no need to reduce an offset's
    /// precision.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// In some rare cases, serialization may fail when there is no succinct
    /// representation of a time zone. One specific case in which this
    /// occurs is when `TimeZone` is a user's system time zone derived from
    /// `/etc/localtime`, but where an IANA time zone identifier could not
    /// be found. This can occur, for example, when `/etc/localtime` is not
    /// symlinked to an entry in `/usr/share/zoneinfo`.
    ///
    /// An error can also occur when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::DateTimePrinter, tz::{self, TimeZone}};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// // IANA time zone
    /// let tz = TimeZone::get("US/Eastern")?;
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// PRINTER.print_time_zone(&tz, &mut buf)?;
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "US/Eastern");
    ///
    /// // Fixed offset
    /// let tz = TimeZone::fixed(tz::offset(-5));
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// PRINTER.print_time_zone(&tz, &mut buf)?;
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "-05:00");
    ///
    /// // POSIX time zone
    /// let tz = TimeZone::posix("EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0")?;
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// PRINTER.print_time_zone(&tz, &mut buf)?;
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "EST5EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0");
    ///
    /// // The error case for a time zone that doesn't fall
    /// // into one of the three categories about is not easy
    /// // to create artificially. The only way, at time of
    /// // writing, to produce it is via `TimeZone::system()`
    /// // with a non-symlinked `/etc/timezone`. (Or `TZ` set
    /// // to the path of a similar file.)
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_time_zone<W: Write>(
        &self,
        tz: &TimeZone,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_time_zone(tz, wtr)
    }

    /// Print the `Pieces` of a Temporal datetime.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{civil::date, fmt::temporal::{DateTimePrinter, Pieces}};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: DateTimePrinter = DateTimePrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let pieces = Pieces::from(date(2024, 6, 15))
    ///     .with_time_zone_name("US/Eastern");
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_pieces(&pieces, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "2024-06-15[US/Eastern]");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_pieces<W: Write>(
        &self,
        pieces: &Pieces,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_pieces(pieces, wtr)
    }
}

/// A parser for Temporal durations.
///
/// Note that in Jiff, a "Temporal duration" is called a "span."
///
/// See the [`fmt::temporal`](crate::fmt::temporal) module documentation for
/// more information on the specific format used.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to parse a [`Span`] from a byte string. (That is,
/// `&[u8]` and not a `&str`.)
///
/// ```
/// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanParser, ToSpan};
///
/// // A parser can be created in a const context.
/// static PARSER: SpanParser = SpanParser::new();
///
/// let span = PARSER.parse_span(b"P3y7m25dT7h36m")?;
/// assert_eq!(
///     span,
///     3.years().months(7).days(25).hours(7).minutes(36).fieldwise(),
/// );
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SpanParser {
    p: parser::SpanParser,
}

impl SpanParser {
    /// Create a new Temporal datetime printer with the default configuration.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn new() -> SpanParser {
        SpanParser { p: parser::SpanParser::new() }
    }

    /// Parse a span string into a [`Span`] value.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the span string given is invalid or if it
    /// is valid but doesn't fit in the span range supported by Jiff.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows a basic example of using this routine.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanParser, ToSpan};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: SpanParser = SpanParser::new();
    ///
    /// let span = PARSER.parse_span(b"PT48m")?;
    /// assert_eq!(span, 48.minutes().fieldwise());
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Note that unless you need to parse a span from a byte string,
    /// at time of writing, there is no other advantage to using this
    /// parser directly. It is likely more convenient to just use the
    /// [`FromStr`](std::str::FromStr) trait implementation on [`Span`]:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{Span, ToSpan};
    ///
    /// let span = "PT48m".parse::<Span>()?;
    /// assert_eq!(span, 48.minutes().fieldwise());
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_span<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(&self, input: I) -> Result<Span, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_temporal_duration(input)?;
        let span = parsed.into_full()?;
        Ok(span)
    }

    /// Parse an ISO 8601 duration string into a [`SignedDuration`] value.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This returns an error if the span string given is invalid or if it is
    /// valid but can't be converted to a `SignedDuration`. This can occur
    /// when the parsed time exceeds the minimum and maximum `SignedDuration`
    /// values, or if there are any non-zero units greater than hours.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows a basic example of using this routine.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanParser, SignedDuration};
    ///
    /// static PARSER: SpanParser = SpanParser::new();
    ///
    /// let duration = PARSER.parse_duration(b"PT48m")?;
    /// assert_eq!(duration, SignedDuration::from_mins(48));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Note that unless you need to parse a span from a byte string,
    /// at time of writing, there is no other advantage to using this
    /// parser directly. It is likely more convenient to just use
    /// the [`FromStr`](std::str::FromStr) trait implementation on
    /// [`SignedDuration`]:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::SignedDuration;
    ///
    /// let duration = "PT48m".parse::<SignedDuration>()?;
    /// assert_eq!(duration, SignedDuration::from_mins(48));
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn parse_duration<I: AsRef<[u8]>>(
        &self,
        input: I,
    ) -> Result<SignedDuration, Error> {
        let input = input.as_ref();
        let parsed = self.p.parse_signed_duration(input)?;
        let dur = parsed.into_full()?;
        Ok(dur)
    }
}

/// A printer for Temporal durations.
///
/// Note that in Jiff, a "Temporal duration" is called a "span."
///
/// This printer converts an in memory representation of a duration of time
/// to a machine (but also human) readable format. Using this printer,
/// one can convert a [`Span`] to a string. Note that a `Span` provides a
/// [`Display`](std::fmt::Display) trait implementation that utilize the
/// default configuration of this printer. However, this printer can print
/// directly to anything that implements the [`fmt::Write`](Write) trait.
///
/// See the [`fmt::temporal`](crate::fmt::temporal) module documentation for
/// more information on the specific format used.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This is a basic example showing how to print a [`Span`] directly to a
/// `Vec<u8>`.
///
/// ```
/// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanPrinter, ToSpan};
///
/// // A printer can be created in a const context.
/// const PRINTER: SpanPrinter = SpanPrinter::new();
///
/// let span = 48.minutes();
/// let mut buf = vec![];
/// // Printing to a `Vec<u8>` can never fail.
/// PRINTER.print_span(&span, &mut buf).unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(buf, "PT48M".as_bytes());
/// ```
///
/// # Example: using adapters with `std::io::Write` and `std::fmt::Write`
///
/// By using the [`StdIoWrite`](super::StdIoWrite) and
/// [`StdFmtWrite`](super::StdFmtWrite) adapters, one can print spans
/// directly to implementations of `std::io::Write` and `std::fmt::Write`,
/// respectively. The example below demonstrates writing to anything
/// that implements `std::io::Write`. Similar code can be written for
/// `std::fmt::Write`.
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::{fs::File, io::{BufWriter, Write}, path::Path};
///
/// use jiff::{fmt::{StdIoWrite, temporal::SpanPrinter}, ToSpan};
///
/// let span = 48.minutes();
///
/// let path = Path::new("/tmp/output");
/// let mut file = BufWriter::new(File::create(path)?);
/// SpanPrinter::new().print_span(&span, StdIoWrite(&mut file)).unwrap();
/// file.flush()?;
/// assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(path)?, "PT48m");
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SpanPrinter {
    p: printer::SpanPrinter,
}

impl SpanPrinter {
    /// Create a new Temporal span printer with the default configuration.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn new() -> SpanPrinter {
        SpanPrinter { p: printer::SpanPrinter::new() }
    }

    /// Use lowercase for unit designator labels.
    ///
    /// By default, unit designator labels are written in uppercase.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// This shows the difference between the default (uppercase) and enabling
    /// lowercase. Lowercase unit designator labels tend to be easier to read
    /// (in this author's opinion), but they aren't as broadly supported since
    /// they are an extension to ISO 8601.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanPrinter, ToSpan};
    ///
    /// let span = 5.years().days(10).hours(1);
    /// let printer = SpanPrinter::new();
    /// assert_eq!(printer.span_to_string(&span), "P5Y10DT1H");
    /// assert_eq!(printer.lowercase(true).span_to_string(&span), "P5y10dT1h");
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    pub const fn lowercase(self, yes: bool) -> SpanPrinter {
        SpanPrinter { p: self.p.lowercase(yes) }
    }

    /// Format a `Span` into a string.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`SpanPrinter::print_span`] with
    /// a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanPrinter, ToSpan};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: SpanPrinter = SpanPrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let span = 3.years().months(5);
    /// assert_eq!(PRINTER.span_to_string(&span), "P3Y5M");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn span_to_string(&self, span: &Span) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_span(span, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Format a `SignedDuration` into a string.
    ///
    /// This balances the units of the duration up to at most hours
    /// automatically.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience routine for [`SpanPrinter::print_duration`] with
    /// a `String`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanPrinter, SignedDuration};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: SpanPrinter = SpanPrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let dur = SignedDuration::new(86_525, 123_000_789);
    /// assert_eq!(PRINTER.duration_to_string(&dur), "PT24H2M5.123000789S");
    /// assert_eq!(PRINTER.duration_to_string(&-dur), "-PT24H2M5.123000789S");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
    pub fn duration_to_string(
        &self,
        duration: &SignedDuration,
    ) -> alloc::string::String {
        let mut buf = alloc::string::String::with_capacity(4);
        // OK because writing to `String` never fails.
        self.print_duration(duration, &mut buf).unwrap();
        buf
    }

    /// Print a `Span` to the given writer.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanPrinter, ToSpan};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: SpanPrinter = SpanPrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let span = 3.years().months(5);
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_span(&span, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "P3Y5M");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_span<W: Write>(
        &self,
        span: &Span,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_span(span, wtr)
    }

    /// Print a `SignedDuration` to the given writer.
    ///
    /// This balances the units of the duration up to at most hours
    /// automatically.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// This only returns an error when writing to the given [`Write`]
    /// implementation would fail. Some such implementations, like for `String`
    /// and `Vec<u8>`, never fail (unless memory allocation fails). In such
    /// cases, it would be appropriate to call `unwrap()` on the result.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use jiff::{fmt::temporal::SpanPrinter, SignedDuration};
    ///
    /// const PRINTER: SpanPrinter = SpanPrinter::new();
    ///
    /// let dur = SignedDuration::new(86_525, 123_000_789);
    ///
    /// let mut buf = String::new();
    /// // Printing to a `String` can never fail.
    /// PRINTER.print_duration(&dur, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "PT24H2M5.123000789S");
    ///
    /// // Negative durations are supported.
    /// buf.clear();
    /// PRINTER.print_duration(&-dur, &mut buf).unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(buf, "-PT24H2M5.123000789S");
    ///
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn print_duration<W: Write>(
        &self,
        duration: &SignedDuration,
        wtr: W,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.p.print_duration(duration, wtr)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use alloc::string::ToString;

    use crate::Unit;

    use super::*;

    // This test ensures that strings like `2024-07-15+02` fail to parse.
    // Note though that `2024-07-15[America/New_York]` is okay!
    #[test]
    fn err_temporal_datetime_offset() {
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            DateTimeParser::new().parse_date(b"2024-07-15+02").unwrap_err(),
            @r###"parsed value '2024-07-15', but unparsed input "+02" remains (expected no unparsed input)"###,
        );
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            DateTimeParser::new().parse_date(b"2024-07-15-02").unwrap_err(),
            @r###"parsed value '2024-07-15', but unparsed input "-02" remains (expected no unparsed input)"###,
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn year_zero() {
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            DateTimeParser::new().parse_date("0000-01-01").unwrap(),
            @"0000-01-01",
        );
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            DateTimeParser::new().parse_date("+000000-01-01").unwrap(),
            @"0000-01-01",
        );
        insta::assert_snapshot!(
            DateTimeParser::new().parse_date("-000000-01-01").unwrap_err(),
            @r###"failed to parse year in date "-000000-01-01": year zero must be written without a sign or a positive sign, but not a negative sign"###,
        );
    }

    // Regression test for: https://github.com/BurntSushi/jiff/issues/59
    #[test]
    fn fractional_duration_roundtrip() {
        let span1: Span = "Pt843517081,1H".parse().unwrap();
        let span2: Span = span1.to_string().parse().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            span1.total(Unit::Hour).unwrap(),
            span2.total(Unit::Hour).unwrap()
        );
    }
}