pyo3/
lib.rs

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
#![warn(missing_docs)]
#![cfg_attr(feature = "nightly", feature(auto_traits, negative_impls))]
#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg, doc_auto_cfg))]
// Deny some lints in doctests.
// Use `#[allow(...)]` locally to override.
#![doc(test(attr(
    deny(
        rust_2018_idioms,
        unused_lifetimes,
        rust_2021_prelude_collisions,
        warnings
    ),
    allow(
        unused_variables,
        unused_assignments,
        unused_extern_crates,
        // FIXME https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/121621#issuecomment-1965156376
        unknown_lints,
        non_local_definitions,
    )
)))]

//! Rust bindings to the Python interpreter.
//!
//! PyO3 can be used to write native Python modules or run Python code and modules from Rust.
//!
//! See [the guide] for a detailed introduction.
//!
//! # PyO3's object types
//!
//! PyO3 has several core types that you should familiarize yourself with:
//!
//! ## The `Python<'py>` object, and the `'py` lifetime
//!
//! Holding the [global interpreter lock] (GIL) is modeled with the [`Python<'py>`](Python) token. Many
//! Python APIs require that the GIL is held, and PyO3 uses this token as proof that these APIs
//! can be called safely. It can be explicitly acquired and is also implicitly acquired by PyO3
//! as it wraps Rust functions and structs into Python functions and objects.
//!
//! The [`Python<'py>`](Python) token's lifetime `'py` is common to many PyO3 APIs:
//! - Types that also have the `'py` lifetime, such as the [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) smart pointer, are
//!   bound to the Python GIL and rely on this to offer their functionality. These types often
//!   have a [`.py()`](Bound::py) method to get the associated [`Python<'py>`](Python) token.
//! - Functions which depend on the `'py` lifetime, such as [`PyList::new_bound`](types::PyList::new_bound),
//!   require a [`Python<'py>`](Python) token as an input. Sometimes the token is passed implicitly by
//!   taking a [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) or other type which is bound to the `'py` lifetime.
//! - Traits which depend on the `'py` lifetime, such as [`FromPyObject<'py>`](FromPyObject), usually have
//!   inputs or outputs which depend on the lifetime. Adding the lifetime to the trait allows
//!   these inputs and outputs to express their binding to the GIL in the Rust type system.
//!
//! ## Python object smart pointers
//!
//! PyO3 has two core smart pointers to refer to Python objects, [`Py<T>`](Py) and its GIL-bound
//! form [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) which carries the `'py` lifetime. (There is also
//! [`Borrowed<'a, 'py, T>`](instance::Borrowed), but it is used much more rarely).
//!
//! The type parameter `T` in these smart pointers can be filled by:
//!   - [`PyAny`], e.g. `Py<PyAny>` or `Bound<'py, PyAny>`, where the Python object type is not
//!     known. `Py<PyAny>` is so common it has a type alias [`PyObject`].
//!   - Concrete Python types like [`PyList`](types::PyList) or [`PyTuple`](types::PyTuple).
//!   - Rust types which are exposed to Python using the [`#[pyclass]`](macro@pyclass) macro.
//!
//! See the [guide][types] for an explanation of the different Python object types.
//!
//! ## PyErr
//!
//! The vast majority of operations in this library will return [`PyResult<...>`](PyResult).
//! This is an alias for the type `Result<..., PyErr>`.
//!
//! A `PyErr` represents a Python exception. A `PyErr` returned to Python code will be raised as a
//! Python exception. Errors from `PyO3` itself are also exposed as Python exceptions.
//!
//! # Feature flags
//!
//! PyO3 uses [feature flags] to enable you to opt-in to additional functionality. For a detailed
//! description, see the [Features chapter of the guide].
//!
//! ## Default feature flags
//!
//! The following features are turned on by default:
//! - `macros`: Enables various macros, including all the attribute macros.
//!
//! ## Optional feature flags
//!
//! The following features customize PyO3's behavior:
//!
//! - `abi3`: Restricts PyO3's API to a subset of the full Python API which is guaranteed by
//! [PEP 384] to be forward-compatible with future Python versions.
//! - `auto-initialize`: Changes [`Python::with_gil`] to automatically initialize the Python
//! interpreter if needed.
//! - `extension-module`: This will tell the linker to keep the Python symbols unresolved, so that
//! your module can also be used with statically linked Python interpreters. Use this feature when
//! building an extension module.
//! - `multiple-pymethods`: Enables the use of multiple [`#[pymethods]`](macro@crate::pymethods)
//! blocks per [`#[pyclass]`](macro@crate::pyclass). This adds a dependency on the [inventory]
//! crate, which is not supported on all platforms.
//!
//! The following features enable interactions with other crates in the Rust ecosystem:
//! - [`anyhow`]: Enables a conversion from [anyhow]’s [`Error`][anyhow_error] type to [`PyErr`].
//! - [`chrono`]: Enables a conversion from [chrono]'s structures to the equivalent Python ones.
//! - [`chrono-tz`]: Enables a conversion from [chrono-tz]'s `Tz` enum. Requires Python 3.9+.
//! - [`either`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [either]'s [`Either`] type.
//! - [`eyre`]: Enables a conversion from [eyre]’s [`Report`] type to [`PyErr`].
//! - [`hashbrown`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [hashbrown]'s [`HashMap`] and
//! [`HashSet`] types.
//! - [`indexmap`][indexmap_feature]: Enables conversions between Python dictionary and [indexmap]'s [`IndexMap`].
//! - [`num-bigint`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [num-bigint]'s [`BigInt`] and
//! [`BigUint`] types.
//! - [`num-complex`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [num-complex]'s [`Complex`]
//!  type.
//! - [`num-rational`]: Enables conversions between Python's fractions.Fraction and [num-rational]'s types
//! - [`rust_decimal`]: Enables conversions between Python's decimal.Decimal and [rust_decimal]'s
//! [`Decimal`] type.
//! - [`serde`]: Allows implementing [serde]'s [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`] traits for
//! [`Py`]`<T>` for all `T` that implement [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`].
//! - [`smallvec`][smallvec]: Enables conversions between Python list and [smallvec]'s [`SmallVec`].
//!
//! ## Unstable features
//!
//! - `nightly`: Uses  `#![feature(auto_traits, negative_impls)]` to define [`Ungil`] as an auto trait.
//
//! ## `rustc` environment flags
//!
//! PyO3 uses `rustc`'s `--cfg` flags to enable or disable code used for different Python versions.
//! If you want to do this for your own crate, you can do so with the [`pyo3-build-config`] crate.
//!
//! - `Py_3_7`, `Py_3_8`, `Py_3_9`, `Py_3_10`: Marks code that is only enabled when
//!  compiling for a given minimum Python version.
//! - `Py_LIMITED_API`: Marks code enabled when the `abi3` feature flag is enabled.
//! - `PyPy` - Marks code enabled when compiling for PyPy.
//!
//! # Minimum supported Rust and Python versions
//!
//! PyO3 supports the following software versions:
//!   - Python 3.7 and up (CPython and PyPy)
//!   - Rust 1.63 and up
//!
//! # Example: Building a native Python module
//!
//! PyO3 can be used to generate a native Python module. The easiest way to try this out for the
//! first time is to use [`maturin`]. `maturin` is a tool for building and publishing Rust-based
//! Python packages with minimal configuration. The following steps set up some files for an example
//! Python module, install `maturin`, and then show how to build and import the Python module.
//!
//! First, create a new folder (let's call it `string_sum`) containing the following two files:
//!
//! **`Cargo.toml`**
//!
//! ```toml
//! [package]
//! name = "string-sum"
//! version = "0.1.0"
//! edition = "2021"
//!
//! [lib]
//! name = "string_sum"
//! # "cdylib" is necessary to produce a shared library for Python to import from.
//! #
//! # Downstream Rust code (including code in `bin/`, `examples/`, and `tests/`) will not be able
//! # to `use string_sum;` unless the "rlib" or "lib" crate type is also included, e.g.:
//! # crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
//! crate-type = ["cdylib"]
//!
//! [dependencies.pyo3]
#![doc = concat!("version = \"", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),  "\"")]
//! features = ["extension-module"]
//! ```
//!
//! **`src/lib.rs`**
//! ```rust
//! use pyo3::prelude::*;
//!
//! /// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.
//! #[pyfunction]
//! fn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResult<String> {
//!     Ok((a + b).to_string())
//! }
//!
//! /// A Python module implemented in Rust.
//! #[pymodule]
//! fn string_sum(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
//!     m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(sum_as_string, m)?)?;
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! With those two files in place, now `maturin` needs to be installed. This can be done using
//! Python's package manager `pip`. First, load up a new Python `virtualenv`, and install `maturin`
//! into it:
//! ```bash
//! $ cd string_sum
//! $ python -m venv .env
//! $ source .env/bin/activate
//! $ pip install maturin
//! ```
//!
//! Now build and execute the module:
//! ```bash
//! $ maturin develop
//! # lots of progress output as maturin runs the compilation...
//! $ python
//! >>> import string_sum
//! >>> string_sum.sum_as_string(5, 20)
//! '25'
//! ```
//!
//! As well as with `maturin`, it is possible to build using [setuptools-rust] or
//! [manually][manual_builds]. Both offer more flexibility than `maturin` but require further
//! configuration.
//!
//! # Example: Using Python from Rust
//!
//! To embed Python into a Rust binary, you need to ensure that your Python installation contains a
//! shared library. The following steps demonstrate how to ensure this (for Ubuntu), and then give
//! some example code which runs an embedded Python interpreter.
//!
//! To install the Python shared library on Ubuntu:
//! ```bash
//! sudo apt install python3-dev
//! ```
//!
//! Start a new project with `cargo new` and add  `pyo3` to the `Cargo.toml` like this:
//! ```toml
//! [dependencies.pyo3]
#![doc = concat!("version = \"", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),  "\"")]
//! # this is necessary to automatically initialize the Python interpreter
//! features = ["auto-initialize"]
//! ```
//!
//! Example program displaying the value of `sys.version` and the current user name:
//! ```rust
//! use pyo3::prelude::*;
//! use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
//!
//! fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
//!     Python::with_gil(|py| {
//!         let sys = py.import_bound("sys")?;
//!         let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
//!
//!         let locals = [("os", py.import_bound("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
//!         let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
//!         let user: String = py.eval_bound(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
//!
//!         println!("Hello {}, I'm Python {}", user, version);
//!         Ok(())
//!     })
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The guide has [a section][calling_rust] with lots of examples about this topic.
//!
//! # Other Examples
//!
//! The PyO3 [README](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#readme) contains quick-start examples for both
//! using [Rust from Python] and [Python from Rust].
//!
//! The PyO3 repository's [examples subdirectory]
//! contains some basic packages to demonstrate usage of PyO3.
//!
//! There are many projects using PyO3 - see a list of some at
//! <https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#examples>.
//!
//! [anyhow]: https://docs.rs/anyhow/ "A trait object based error system for easy idiomatic error handling in Rust applications."
//! [anyhow_error]: https://docs.rs/anyhow/latest/anyhow/struct.Error.html "Anyhows `Error` type, a wrapper around a dynamic error type"
//! [`anyhow`]: ./anyhow/index.html "Documentation about the `anyhow` feature."
//! [inventory]: https://docs.rs/inventory
//! [`HashMap`]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown/latest/hashbrown/struct.HashMap.html
//! [`HashSet`]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown/latest/hashbrown/struct.HashSet.html
//! [`SmallVec`]: https://docs.rs/smallvec/latest/smallvec/struct.SmallVec.html
//! [`IndexMap`]: https://docs.rs/indexmap/latest/indexmap/map/struct.IndexMap.html
//! [`BigInt`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint/latest/num_bigint/struct.BigInt.html
//! [`BigUint`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint/latest/num_bigint/struct.BigUint.html
//! [`Complex`]: https://docs.rs/num-complex/latest/num_complex/struct.Complex.html
//! [`Deserialize`]: https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/trait.Deserialize.html
//! [`Serialize`]: https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/trait.Serialize.html
//! [chrono]: https://docs.rs/chrono/ "Date and Time for Rust."
//! [chrono-tz]: https://docs.rs/chrono-tz/ "TimeZone implementations for chrono from the IANA database."
//! [`chrono`]: ./chrono/index.html "Documentation about the `chrono` feature."
//! [`chrono-tz`]: ./chrono-tz/index.html "Documentation about the `chrono-tz` feature."
//! [either]: https://docs.rs/either/ "A type that represents one of two alternatives."
//! [`either`]: ./either/index.html "Documentation about the `either` feature."
//! [`Either`]: https://docs.rs/either/latest/either/enum.Either.html
//! [eyre]: https://docs.rs/eyre/ "A library for easy idiomatic error handling and reporting in Rust applications."
//! [`Report`]: https://docs.rs/eyre/latest/eyre/struct.Report.html
//! [`eyre`]: ./eyre/index.html "Documentation about the `eyre` feature."
//! [`hashbrown`]: ./hashbrown/index.html "Documentation about the `hashbrown` feature."
//! [indexmap_feature]: ./indexmap/index.html "Documentation about the `indexmap` feature."
//! [`maturin`]: https://github.com/PyO3/maturin "Build and publish crates with pyo3, rust-cpython and cffi bindings as well as rust binaries as python packages"
//! [`num-bigint`]: ./num_bigint/index.html "Documentation about the `num-bigint` feature."
//! [`num-complex`]: ./num_complex/index.html "Documentation about the `num-complex` feature."
//! [`num-rational`]: ./num_rational/index.html "Documentation about the `num-rational` feature."
//! [`pyo3-build-config`]: https://docs.rs/pyo3-build-config
//! [rust_decimal]: https://docs.rs/rust_decimal
//! [`rust_decimal`]: ./rust_decimal/index.html "Documenation about the `rust_decimal` feature."
//! [`Decimal`]: https://docs.rs/rust_decimal/latest/rust_decimal/struct.Decimal.html
//! [`serde`]: <./serde/index.html> "Documentation about the `serde` feature."
#![doc = concat!("[calling_rust]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/python-from-rust.html \"Calling Python from Rust - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [examples subdirectory]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/tree/main/examples
//! [feature flags]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html "Features - The Cargo Book"
//! [global interpreter lock]: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-global-interpreter-lock
//! [hashbrown]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown
//! [smallvec]: https://docs.rs/smallvec
//! [indexmap]: https://docs.rs/indexmap
#![doc = concat!("[manual_builds]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/building-and-distribution.html#manual-builds \"Manual builds - Building and Distribution - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [num-bigint]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint
//! [num-complex]: https://docs.rs/num-complex
//! [num-rational]: https://docs.rs/num-rational
//! [serde]: https://docs.rs/serde
//! [setuptools-rust]: https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust "Setuptools plugin for Rust extensions"
//! [the guide]: https://pyo3.rs "PyO3 user guide"
#![doc = concat!("[types]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/types.html \"GIL lifetimes, mutability and Python object types\"")]
//! [PEP 384]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0384 "PEP 384 -- Defining a Stable ABI"
//! [Python from Rust]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#using-python-from-rust
//! [Rust from Python]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#using-rust-from-python
#![doc = concat!("[Features chapter of the guide]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/features.html#features-reference \"Features Reference - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [`Ungil`]: crate::marker::Ungil
pub use crate::class::*;
pub use crate::conversion::{AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, ToPyObject};
#[cfg(feature = "gil-refs")]
#[allow(deprecated)]
pub use crate::conversion::{FromPyPointer, PyTryFrom, PyTryInto};
#[cfg(feature = "gil-refs")]
pub use crate::err::PyDowncastError;
pub use crate::err::{DowncastError, DowncastIntoError, PyErr, PyErrArguments, PyResult, ToPyErr};
#[cfg(feature = "gil-refs")]
#[allow(deprecated)]
pub use crate::gil::GILPool;
#[cfg(not(any(PyPy, GraalPy)))]
pub use crate::gil::{prepare_freethreaded_python, with_embedded_python_interpreter};
#[cfg(feature = "gil-refs")]
pub use crate::instance::PyNativeType;
pub use crate::instance::{Borrowed, Bound, Py, PyObject};
pub use crate::marker::Python;
#[cfg(feature = "gil-refs")]
#[allow(deprecated)]
pub use crate::pycell::PyCell;
pub use crate::pycell::{PyRef, PyRefMut};
pub use crate::pyclass::PyClass;
pub use crate::pyclass_init::PyClassInitializer;
pub use crate::type_object::{PyTypeCheck, PyTypeInfo};
pub use crate::types::PyAny;
pub use crate::version::PythonVersionInfo;

pub(crate) mod ffi_ptr_ext;
pub(crate) mod py_result_ext;
pub(crate) mod sealed;

/// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
///
/// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::CompareOp` instead
/// of `use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp`.
///
/// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
/// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
pub mod class {
    pub use self::gc::{PyTraverseError, PyVisit};

    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub use self::methods::{
        PyClassAttributeDef, PyGetterDef, PyMethodDef, PyMethodDefType, PyMethodType, PySetterDef,
    };

    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub mod methods {
        // frozen with the contents of the `impl_::pymethods` module in 0.20,
        // this should probably all be replaced with deprecated type aliases and removed.
        pub use crate::impl_::pymethods::{
            IPowModulo, PyClassAttributeDef, PyGetterDef, PyMethodDef, PyMethodDefType,
            PyMethodType, PySetterDef,
        };
    }

    /// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
    ///
    /// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::CompareOp` instead
    /// of `use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp`.
    ///
    /// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
    /// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
    pub mod basic {
        pub use crate::pyclass::CompareOp;
    }

    /// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
    ///
    /// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::IterANextOutput` instead
    /// of `use pyo3::class::pyasync::IterANextOutput`.
    ///
    /// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
    /// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
    pub mod pyasync {
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        pub use crate::pyclass::{IterANextOutput, PyIterANextOutput};
    }

    /// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
    ///
    /// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::IterNextOutput` instead
    /// of `use pyo3::class::pyasync::IterNextOutput`.
    ///
    /// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
    /// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
    pub mod iter {
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        pub use crate::pyclass::{IterNextOutput, PyIterNextOutput};
    }

    /// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
    ///
    /// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::PyTraverseError` instead
    /// of `use pyo3::class::gc::PyTraverseError`.
    ///
    /// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
    /// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
    pub mod gc {
        pub use crate::pyclass::{PyTraverseError, PyVisit};
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub use {
    indoc,    // Re-exported for py_run
    unindent, // Re-exported for py_run
};

#[cfg(all(feature = "macros", feature = "multiple-pymethods"))]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub use inventory; // Re-exported for `#[pyclass]` and `#[pymethods]` with `multiple-pymethods`.

/// Tests and helpers which reside inside PyO3's main library. Declared first so that macros
/// are available in unit tests.
#[cfg(test)]
#[macro_use]
mod tests;

#[macro_use]
mod internal_tricks;

pub mod buffer;
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod callback;
pub mod conversion;
mod conversions;
#[cfg(feature = "experimental-async")]
pub mod coroutine;
#[macro_use]
#[doc(hidden)]
#[cfg(feature = "gil-refs")]
pub mod derive_utils;
mod err;
pub mod exceptions;
pub mod ffi;
mod gil;
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod impl_;
mod instance;
pub mod marker;
pub mod marshal;
#[macro_use]
pub mod sync;
pub mod panic;
pub mod pybacked;
pub mod pycell;
pub mod pyclass;
pub mod pyclass_init;

pub mod type_object;
pub mod types;
mod version;

#[allow(unused_imports)] // with no features enabled this module has no public exports
pub use crate::conversions::*;

#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
pub use pyo3_macros::{pyfunction, pymethods, pymodule, FromPyObject};

/// A proc macro used to expose Rust structs and fieldless enums as Python objects.
///
#[doc = include_str!("../guide/pyclass-parameters.md")]
///
/// For more on creating Python classes,
/// see the [class section of the guide][1].
///
#[doc = concat!("[1]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/class.html")]
#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
pub use pyo3_macros::pyclass;

#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
#[macro_use]
mod macros;

#[cfg(feature = "experimental-inspect")]
pub mod inspect;

// Putting the declaration of prelude at the end seems to help encourage rustc and rustdoc to prefer using
// other paths to the same items. (e.g. `pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods` instead of `pyo3::prelude::PyAnyMethods`).
pub mod prelude;

/// Ths module only contains re-exports of pyo3 deprecation warnings and exists
/// purely to make compiler error messages nicer.
///
/// (The compiler uses this module in error messages, probably because it's a public
/// re-export at a shorter path than `pyo3::impl_::deprecations`.)
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod deprecations {
    pub use crate::impl_::deprecations::*;
}

/// Test readme and user guide
#[cfg(doctest)]
pub mod doc_test {
    macro_rules! doctests {
        ($($path:expr => $mod:ident),* $(,)?) => {
            $(
                #[doc = include_str!(concat!("../", $path))]
                mod $mod{}
            )*
        };
    }

    doctests! {
        "README.md" => readme_md,
        "guide/src/advanced.md" => guide_advanced_md,
        "guide/src/async-await.md" => guide_async_await_md,
        "guide/src/building-and-distribution.md" => guide_building_and_distribution_md,
        "guide/src/building-and-distribution/multiple-python-versions.md" => guide_bnd_multiple_python_versions_md,
        "guide/src/class.md" => guide_class_md,
        "guide/src/class/call.md" => guide_class_call,
        "guide/src/class/object.md" => guide_class_object,
        "guide/src/class/numeric.md" => guide_class_numeric,
        "guide/src/class/protocols.md" => guide_class_protocols_md,
        "guide/src/conversions.md" => guide_conversions_md,
        "guide/src/conversions/tables.md" => guide_conversions_tables_md,
        "guide/src/conversions/traits.md" => guide_conversions_traits_md,
        "guide/src/debugging.md" => guide_debugging_md,

        // deliberate choice not to test guide/ecosystem because those pages depend on external
        // crates such as pyo3_asyncio.

        "guide/src/exception.md" => guide_exception_md,
        "guide/src/faq.md" => guide_faq_md,
        "guide/src/features.md" => guide_features_md,
        "guide/src/function.md" => guide_function_md,
        "guide/src/function/error-handling.md" => guide_function_error_handling_md,
        "guide/src/function/signature.md" => guide_function_signature_md,
        "guide/src/memory.md" => guide_memory_md,
        "guide/src/migration.md" => guide_migration_md,
        "guide/src/module.md" => guide_module_md,
        "guide/src/parallelism.md" => guide_parallelism_md,
        "guide/src/performance.md" => guide_performance_md,
        "guide/src/python-from-rust.md" => guide_python_from_rust_md,
        "guide/src/python-from-rust/calling-existing-code.md" => guide_pfr_calling_existing_code_md,
        "guide/src/python-from-rust/function-calls.md" => guide_pfr_function_calls_md,
        "guide/src/python-typing-hints.md" => guide_python_typing_hints_md,
        "guide/src/rust-from-python.md" => guide_rust_from_python_md,
        "guide/src/trait-bounds.md" => guide_trait_bounds_md,
        "guide/src/types.md" => guide_types_md,
    }
}